internal symbiotic

Plants have their own defenses, which their enemies and plant pathogens. His inability to move is largely defensive adjustments that help plants to survive and reproduce successfully. One of the most important defense mechanisms is the production of secondary metabolites. These metabolites are chemicals that are not involved in photosynthesis in normal plants. Allelochemicals act as poisons for herbivores and in some cases, also reduce the digestibility of plant cell wall.

Some of the external structural features in the stem and leaves (spines, thorns, spines, etc) to deter herbivores greatly. These mechanisms of defense mechanisms to prevent, injure or kill the Grazer. Some defensive substances such as waxes, resins, lignin, etc are released into the epidermis of plants and herbivores avoid feeding on them.

Herbivores are the first link in the food chain as energy source for organisms that are of highest rank in the food chain. Plants are the only source of food for herbivores and the co-evolution of adaptations that allow them to help buy food, regardless of the defense mechanisms in plants. Some of these adaptations are:

* Synthesis of enzymes that can reduce the effect of secondary metabolites
* The existence of internal symbiotic bacteria, fungi or protozoa, which break down plant cellulose so it can be digested by herbivores helps
* The mechanical fittings, such as cutting teeth in moths, which helps them to eat the soft leaves. According to recent studies by Renato Almeida Sarmento and his team, led invading Tetranychus evansi manipulates its host (tomato), by interfering with signaling pathways involved in defense mechanism [1].

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